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As Napoleon III, he was the ruler of the Second French Empire.
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He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I.
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Elected President by popular vote in 1848, he initiated a coup
d'état in 1851, before ascending the throne as Napoleon III in
December, 1852.
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He had been both the first titular president and the last monarch of
France.
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He is primarily remembered for his role to jettison the limitations
imposed on France since 1815 by the Concert of Europe.
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He spearheaded allied action against Russia in the Crimean War.
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His reign was an era of prosperity and industrialization in France,
facilitating a major renovation of Paris under Haussmann that
created the outline of the modern city.
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The Second French Empire was overthrown three days after Napoleon's
disastrous surrender at the Battle of Sedan in 1870, which resulted
in the proclamation of the French Third Republic and his exile in
England, where he died in 1873.
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