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MAHMUD OF GHAZNI

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He was the most prominent ruler of the Empire. The Ghaznavid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of which ruled much of , and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent from 975 to 1186.

In 1001, Mahmud initiated the first of of northern India.

The wealth of Punjab in terms of fruits as well as rice, sugar, wheat, and other products was the for him to attack India.

While Punjab was soon captured, the other several kingdoms were all conquered and left in the hands of as vassal states.

A vassal or feudatory is a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe.

He conquered and destroyed thousands of during his raids including the famous Temple, which he destroyed in 1025 AD, killing who tried to defend it. Mahmud had the gilded lingam broken into pieces and had them made into steps for his .

According to Wikipedia, the following extract is from “Wonders of Things Created, and marvels of Things Existing” by Zakariya al-Qazwini, a 13th century Arab , which contains the description of Somnath temple and its destruction:
o "He made great efforts to Somnath, in the hope that the Hindus would then become . As a result thousands of Hindus were to Islam. The somnath temple was almost completely destroyed."

While in Afghanistan and Pakistan Mahmud is celebrated as a hero, but in India he is seen as a , bent upon the loot and plunder of a peaceful Hindu population.

The fact that Mahmud never tried consolidating his conquests because he was only interested in .

Sultan Mahmud had contracted during his last invasion, which in turn caused lethal , which led him to his death on 30 April 1030.

He is recognised and remembered in India as one of its .